干旱灾害和我国西北干旱气候的研究进展及问题   总被引：72，自引：4，他引：72  

钱正安  吴统文  宋敏红  马晓波  蔡英  梁潇云 《地球科学进展》2001,16(1):28-38

首先阐述了自然灾害中干旱灾害的严重性和复杂性；接着从西北干旱气候的时空分布特征、形成原因、干旱气候的比较以及监测和预测等方面回顾了近20年来我国西北干旱气候研究的进展；最后提出了西北干旱气候待研究的问题。  相似文献   

川西亚高山三个森林群落的湿林冠蒸发速率     

杨万勤  王开运  肖玲 《山地学报》2004,22(5):598-605

于3个假说和林冠上方2m处的气象变量，采用Penman-Monteith组合模型估算了一个生长季节内川西亚高山林区分别以云杉(SF)、冷杉(FF)和白桦(BF)为优势树种的3个林分的湿林冠蒸发速率(Er)。研究结果表明，SF、FF和BF的湿林冠蒸发量(E)分别为44．51mm、88．51mm和57．8mm，分别占总降雨量的9．2％、16．6％和10．2％。与SF和BF相比，FF具有最高的月平均Er和蒸发比例。SF、FF和BF的平均Er分别为0．097mm／h(变化范围：0．028-0．487mm／h)、0．242mm／h(变化范围：0．068～0．711mm／h)和0．149mm／h(0．060～0．576mm／h)。最高和最低的月平均Er分别在6月(SF、FF和BF分别为0．120mm／h、0．317mm／h和0．169mm／h)和10月(SF、FF和BF分别为0．083mm／h、0．187mm／h和0．101mm／h)。8：00至16：00期间的平均点Er显著高于0：00至8：00以及16：00至0：00期间的平均Er。Er显著的日变化和月变化主要归因于林冠上方的太阳辐射、空气温度和相对湿度的变化。  相似文献   

松嫩平原湿地植被对生境干-湿交替的响应   总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9  

田迅  卜兆君  杨允菲  郎惠卿 《湿地科学》2004,2(2):122-127

扎龙湿地和向海湿地水分布存在不均一性，生境中有“干-湿”交替过程。选取“干-湿”界面上沼泽植被与草甸植被共存的群落片断分别设置15个固定样方，生长季内4个月观测结果表明：扎龙湿地和向海湿地生境旱生化时羊草为优势种群，湿生化时芦苇为优势种群，芦苇沼泽群落和羊草草甸群落随生境“干-湿”交替过程相互演替，演替过程既受生境水分波动的影响，又由优势种群内在生物学特性决定。  相似文献   

黔北一次下击暴流事件成因及雷达回波特征分析          下载免费PDF全文

李霞  张云秋  刘红双  唐海  杨熠 《中低纬山地气象》2023,47(4):39-45

利用地面自动站资料、探空资料、多普勒雷达观测资料以及ERA5逐时再分析资料对2021年5月15日发生在黔北的一次下击暴流事件成因及雷达回波特征进行分析。结果表明：（1）本次过程发生在500hPa槽前、西南低涡南侧、中低空急流北侧和地面锋前热低压内的大范围上升区内,地面辐合线是重要的触发机制。（2）大气为上干下湿不稳定状态,中等到强的垂直风切变维持,环境温度垂直递减率较大,低层有冷空气入侵,下沉气流接地时与周围大气形成10℃以上的温差,导致气流强烈辐散最终产生大风。（3）过程由多单体风暴引发,具有弓形回波、三体散射长钉、回波悬垂等结构特征,回波核强度在65dBz以上,大风出现时强回波核迅速降落。（4）大风发生前,风暴前侧有一支由前向后的斜升气流与后侧入流气流形成中层径向辐合（MARC）,大风出现时,低层有小尺度辐散区域,随后辐散尺度扩大,风速切变减小,大风强度减弱。  相似文献   

On the scavenging of SO2 by cloud and raindrops: II. An experimental study of SO2 absorption and desorption for water drops in air     

C. J. Walcek  H. R. Pruppacher  J. H. Topalian  S. K. Mitra 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1983,1(3):291-306

For the purpose of testing our previously described theory of SO₂ scavenging a laboratory investigation was carried out in the UCLA 33 m long rainshaft. Drops with radii between 250 and 2500 m were allowed to come to terminal velocity, after which they passed through a chamber of variable length filled with various SO₂ concentrations in air. After falling through a gas separating chamber consisting of a fluorocarbon gas the drops were collected and analyzed for their total S content in order to determine the rate of SO ₂ absorption.The SO₂ concentration in air studied ranged between 1 and 60% (v). Such relatively large concentrations were necessary due to the short times the drops were exposed to SO₂ in the present setup. The present experimental results were therefore not used to simulate atmospheric conditions but rather to test our previously derived theory which is applicable to any laboratory or atmospheric condition. Comparison of our studies with the results from our theory applied to our laboratory conditions led to predicted values for the S concentration in the drops which agreed well with those observed if the drops had radii smaller than 500 m. In order to obtain agreement between predicted and observed S concentrations in larger drops, an empirically derived eddy diffusivity for SO₂ in water had to be included in the theory to take into account the effect of turbulent mixing inside such large drops.In a subsequent set of experiments, drops initially saturated with S (IV) were allowed to fall through S-free air to determine the rate of SO ₂ desorption. The results of these studies also agreed well with the results of our theoretical model, thus justifying the reversibility assumption made in our theoretical models.In a final set of experiments, the effects of oxidation on SO₂ absorption was studied by means of drops containing various amounts of H₂O₂. For comparable exposure times to SO₂, the S concentration in drops with H₂O₂ was found to be up to 10 times higher than the concentration in drops in which no oxidation occurred.  相似文献   

DISCHARGE AND SEDIMENT-LOAD CHARACTERISTICS OF THE HILDA ROCK-GLACIER STREAM,CANADIAN ROCKY MOUNTAINS,ALBERTA     

Ingrid Bajewsky  James S. Gardner 《自然地理学》2013,34(4):295-306

Water discharge and sediment load characteristics of the Hilda rock-glacier stream are described for portions of the 1985 and 1986 ablation seasons. Covering an area of 1.5 km², the Hilda rock glacier yields a relatively consistent flow, generally low in suspended sediments and relatively high in total dissolved solids during the ablation season. The seasonal hydrograph shows decreasing discharge and suspended sediment load and increasing dissolved loads through the ablation season as snowmelt water sources are depleted. Superimposed on this is a diurnal hydrograph showing that daily peaks in discharge lag several hours behind daily temperature maxima. Rain events produce hydrograph anomalies and act to flush sediment, elevating suspended loads, while diluting dissolved loads. These data suggest that rock-glacier hydrological systems are more responsive to short-term and transient meteorological conditions than previously suggested in the literature. Nonetheless, the data indicate that the Hilda rock glacier is more conservative in both water and sediment yield than glacier systems of comparable size and in the same environment.  相似文献   

基于MSAVI-WI特征空间的新疆渭干河-库车河流域绿洲土壤盐渍化研究   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

丁建丽  瞿娟  孙永猛  张永福 《地理研究》2013,32(2):223-232

土壤盐渍化是造成干旱区土地荒漠化及生态恶化的重要原因,及时获取大尺度高精度土壤盐渍信息是防治工作的基础。选取新疆塔里木盆地北缘渭干河—库车河流域三角洲绿洲为研究区,利用Lansat-TM数据与野外实测数据分析盐渍化土壤与修改型土壤调整植被指数(MSAVI)、湿度指数(WI)之间的关系,在此基础上提出了MSAVI-WI特征空间概念,构建了土壤盐渍化遥感监测指数模型(MWI)。结果表明:MWI与土壤表层含盐量相关性较高,其相关性为0.844,精度高于土壤盐渍监测常用的盐分指数与实测数据的相关性。MWI能较好的反映盐渍化土壤地表植被及土壤水分的组合变化,具有明确的生物物理意义,并且特征参量简单,理论上易于理解,实践上易于实现,MWI模型的构建有利于干旱区大尺度土壤盐渍化定量监测与评价工作的开展。  相似文献   

原子荧光测定食品中总砷方法的改进与探讨   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

赵海峰  胡彦兵  汝少国 《中国海洋大学学报(自然科学版)》2014,44(4):37-41

针对国标《GB 5009.11—2003食品中总砷及无机砷的测定》中的原子荧光-湿法消解测定总砷的方法中存在的难于控制完全消解样品、测定结果不稳定,试剂用量大的问题,对原方法进行了3点改进。一是利用浓硫酸沸点高,能脱水碳化破坏有机物的特性,通过高温浓缩硫酸对样品进行两次脱水碳化消解,使样品消解的更完全,且节省试剂;二是针对样品中砷形态的多样性,加强温度控制,低温消解、降低易挥发砷化合物的损失,高温加速样品消解,缩短操作时间;三是加盖小漏斗制造回流,减少易挥发砷化合物的损失,使方法易操作、节省试剂。用改进的方法测定菠菜粉(GBW10015)、海带粉(GBW08517)和虾粉(CNAS T0442)中的总砷,不少于6个平行样的测定结果均位于参考值范围的中间部分,且RSD值均小于7%,表明改进的方法准确、稳定。结果还表明,200℃的硫酸、高氯酸的混合酸和高温浓硫酸均能有效消解样品中砷甜菜碱和砷糖类化合物。  相似文献   

Tropospheric Wet Refractivity Tomography Based on the BeiDou Satellite System简     

WANG Xiaoying  WANG Xianliang  DAI Ziqiang  KE Fuyang  CAO Yunchang  WANG Feifei  and SONG Lianchun 《大气科学进展》2014,31(2):355-362

This paper presents a novel approach for assessing the precision of the wet refractivity field using BDS （BeiDou navigation satellite system） simulations only,GPS,and BDS＋GPS for the Shenzhen and Hongkong GNSS network.The simulations are carried out by adding artificial noise to a real observation dataset.Instead of using the δ and σ parameters computed from slant wet delay,as in previous studies,we employ the Bias and RMS parameters,computed from the tomography results of total voxels,in order to obtain a more direct and comprehensive evaluation of the precision of the refractivity field determination.The results show that：（1） the precision of tropospheric wet refractivity estimated using BDS alone （only 9 satellites used） is basically comparable to that of GPS; （2） BDS＋GPS （as of current operation） may not be able to significantly improve the data＇s spatial density for the application of refractivity tomography; and （3） any slight increase in the precision of refractivity tomography,particularly in the lower atmosphere,bears great significance for any applications dependent on the Chinese operational meteorological service.  相似文献   

青藏高原黑碳气溶胶传输及沉降的季节特征模拟分析     

韩永翔  孙海波  刘建慧  赵天良  S.L.Gong 《干旱气象》2014,(3):319-325

根据全球气溶胶气候模式GEM-AQ/EC的1995~2004年模拟,分析了青藏高原大气黑碳气溶胶的来源、传输及沉降季节特征。研究表明:青藏高原黑碳气溶胶主要来自自由对流层和大气边界层的输送。相对于自由对流层的黑碳输送,紧邻青藏高原的南亚、东亚以及东南亚大气边界层的输送更有效,它形成了青藏高原由北向南、自西往东黑碳气溶胶浓度和沉降明显递增的基本分布形态。横跨欧亚大陆自由对流层的黑碳气溶胶由西向东向青藏高原的输送全年不变,夏季输送路径最北但强度最弱,冬季路径最南而强度最强。大气边界层黑碳气溶胶的输送受控于亚洲季风环流变化,来自南亚的黑碳气溶胶在春季越过孟加拉湾传输进入高原东南部,夏季则可翻越喜马拉雅山抵达青藏高原南部腹地;同时我国中部排放的黑碳气溶胶也在东亚夏季风向北扩展中驱动它从东向西往青藏高原东北部传输。从秋季到冬季,随着夏季风撤退,南亚黑碳源区向青藏高原传输衰退,东亚冬季风的反气旋性环流的南侧及西南侧的偏东风携带秋季我国东南部源区和冬季东南亚源区黑碳气溶胶向青藏高原东南部传输。受青藏高原明显的暖湿季和干冷季气候影响,干湿沉降分别主导了青藏高原冬季和夏季黑碳沉降,夏季青藏高原黑碳气溶胶沉降总量大多超过8~10 kg·km-2,在高原东北部的最高值超过40 kg·km-2。冬季青藏高原黑碳气溶胶沉降量最低,大部地区黑碳沉降低于5 kg·km-2。青藏高原黑碳沉降的冬夏季节相差约为2~8倍。  相似文献